Posted in Freedmen's Bureau

The Freedmen’s Bureau Shut Down on January 1, 1869

The Freedmen’s Bureau was essentially shuttered in January 1, 1869. Only education services (and some medical services) continued. Across the South bureau agents and other…

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Posted in Freedmen's Bureau

Rejoicing at News that the Infernal Freedmen’s Bureau to Close at End of 1868

Those who hoped to advance the cause of white supremacy after the Civil War found themselves stymied by the Freedmen’s Bureau. This Federal agency set…

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Posted in Veterans

The National Military Asylum Cared for 4.000 Disabled Soldiers in 1868

The New York Times reported on the good work of the National Military Asylum in 1868. Unfortunately, it lauded the great economies practiced in caring…

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Posted in Memory of Reconstruction White Terror

Elaine Massacre of 1919 Memorialized in Arkansas Recalling Mass Killing of Black Families

1919 was a year of extreme racial violence in America. The “Red Summer” of that year saw what may have been the largest massacre of…

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Posted in Ku Klux Klan

KKK Raiders Defeated by “Negroes” in Livingston, Tenn. Dec. 30, 1868

The Ku Klux Klan rampaged through Tennessee in 1868, but as this article demonstrates, the local African American communities were ready to risk everything to…

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