Category: Freedmen’s Bureau
The Freedmen’s Bureau Shut Down on January 1, 1869
The Freedmen’s Bureau was essentially shuttered in January 1, 1869. Only education services (and some medical services) continued. Across the South bureau agents and other…
Rejoicing at News that the Infernal Freedmen’s Bureau to Close at End of 1868
Those who hoped to advance the cause of white supremacy after the Civil War found themselves stymied by the Freedmen’s Bureau. This Federal agency set…
Prelude to a Reconstruction Riot: Irish and Blacks in Memphis in 1866
Immigrants lived in much of the United States at the start of the Civil War, but their numbers were not evenly distributed. Roughly 90% of…
Self-Taught: African American Education in Slavery and Freedom by Heather Andrea Williams
Self-Taught: African American Education in Slavery and Freedom by Heather Andrea Williams published by University of North Carolina Press (2007) $29.95 Paperback $18.83 Kindle. Self-Taught:…
Educational Reconstruction African American Schools in the Urban South, 1865–1890 by Hilary Green
Educational Reconstruction African American Schools in the Urban South, 1865–1890 by Hilary Green published by Fordham University Press (2016) 272 pages, Paperback $35.00, Kindle $22.99.…
Documenting the Start of the Freedmen’s Bureau: “An Act to establish a Bureau…”
Although black refugees began arriving in Union camps as early as the summer of 1861 and Emancipation for 3/4 of all slaves had been declared…
O.O. Howard Appointed Head of Freedmen’s Bureau May 1865
Although many historians now date the start of Reconstruction to the Emancipation Proclamation of January 1, 1863 or even earlier, the creation of the Freedman’s…
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